Foundationals of Nursing Syllabus 2025

Unit I - Introduction to Nursing:

• Nursing – concept, meaning, definition, scope and functions.
• History of nursing in India.
• Nursing as a profession.
• Nursing professional – qualities and preparation.
• Ethics in nursing – roles and responsibilities of a nurse.
• Health care agencies – hospital and community services – types and function of hospitals, health team.
• Modern approaches to nursing care including holistic nursing care.
• Health and diseases – definition of health, determinants of health status, basic human needs, illness and its effects on individual.

Unit II - Nursing Care of Patient:

• Patient environment in the hospital – patients unit.

Therapeutic Environment:

• Physical factors – lighting, temperature, ventilation, humidity, noise, pestilence.
• Safety needs, prevention of environment hazard.
• Psychosocial and aesthetic factors.

Patient’s Adjustment to the Hospital:

• Understanding the patient as a person – socio-economic, and cultural background, health status, etc.
• Effect of Hospitalization on Patient and Family.
• Admission, transfer, discharge procedures.

Basic Nursing Skills

• Communication
• Nursing interview
• Recording and reporting

Nursing Process

• Meaning and importance
• Assessment, nursing diagnosis, planning, implementation and evaluation
• Nursing care plan

Unit III: Meeting the Basic Needs of a Patient

Physical Needs

• Comfort, rest, sleep and exercise, importance and its promotion
• Body mechanics – moving, lifting, transferring
• Position and posture maintenance
• Comfort devices
• Beds and bed making – principles of bed making, types and care of bed linen
• Safety devices, restraints and splints
• Exercises – activity and passive

Hygienic Needs

• Personal and environmental hygiene
• Nurse’s note in maintaining personal and environmental hygiene
• Care of eyes, nose, ears, hands and feet
• Care of mouth, skin, hair and genitalia
• Care of pressure areas, bed sores

Elimination Needs

• Health and sickness.
• Problems – constipation and diarrhea, retention and incontinence of urine.
• Nurse’s role in meeting elimination needs.
• Offering bed pan and urinal.
• Observing and recording abnormalities.
• Preparation and giving of laxative, suppositories, enemas, bowel wash, flatus tube.
• Perineal care, care of patient with urinary catheter, diapers.
• Maintenance of intake and output records.

Nutritional Needs

• Diet in health and disease.
• Factors affecting nutrition in illness.
• Nurse’s role in meeting patients’ nutritional needs.
• Modification of diet in illness.
• Diet planning and serving.
• Feeding helpless patients including artificial methods of feeding.

Psychological and Spiritual Needs

• Importance
• Nurse's role – diversional and recreational therapy

Care of Terminally Ill and Dying Patient

• Dying patient’s signs and symptoms, needs dying special consideration.
• Advance directives, euthanasia, will, dying declaration, organ donation etc.
• Medico legal issues.
• Care of the dead body.
• Care of unit.
• Autopsy.
• Embalming.

IV. Assessment of Patient / Client

Physical Assessment

• Importance, principles, methods of assessment.
• Height, weight, posture.
• Head to toe examination.

Physiological Assessment

• Vital signs, normal, abnormal characteristics, factors influencing the variations.
• Observation and collection of specimens – urine, stool, vomitus, and sputum.

Psychological Assessment

• Mood, intelligence, emotions – normal and abnormal behavior.

Unit V: Infection Control

Infection Control

• Nature of infection.
• Chain of infection transmission.
• Defence against infection – natural and acquired.
• Hospital acquired infection.

Concept of Asepsis

• Medical and surgical asepsis.
• Isolation precautions, barrier nursing.
• Hand washing: simple, hand asepsis, surgical asepsis.
• Isolation – source and protection.
• Personal protective equipment – types, uses and techniques of wearing and removing.
• Decontamination of unit and equipment.
• Transportation of infected patient.
• Standard safety precaution.
• Transmission based precautions.

Bio-medical Waste Management

• Importance
• Types of hospital wastes.
• Hazards associated with hospital waste.
• Decontamination of hospital waste.
• Segregation and transportation.
• Disposal.

Unit-VI: Therapeutic Nursing Care

• Care of patient with respiratory problems / dyspnea:
  • Deep breathing and coughing exercises
  • O₂ inhalation
  • Dry and moist inhalation
  • Oro nasal suctioning
• Care of patient with altered body temperature - hot and cold application.
• Care of patients with fluid and electrolyte imbalance.
• Care of unconscious patient.
• Care of the bed ridden patient.
• Care of patient with pain.
• Care of the patient with body elimination deviation.

Unit-VII: Introduction to Clinical Pharmacology

Administration of Medication

• Purpose of medication, principles - right, special considerations, prescriptions, safety in administering medications and medication errors
• Drug forms
• Routes of administration
• Storage and maintenance of drugs and nurses responsibility
• Broad classification of drugs
• Therapeutic effect, side effect, toxic effect, allergic reaction, drug tolerance, drug interactions
• Factors influencing drug actions
• Systems of drug measurement:
  • Metric system, household measurements
  • Converting measurements units
  • Terminologies and abbreviations used in prescription of medications
• Oral drug administration: oral, sublingual, buccal – equipment and procedure
• Parenteral:
• General principles
• Types of parenteral therapies
• Types of syringes, needles, cannulas and infusion sets
• Protection from needle stick injuries
• Giving medication with a safety syringe
• Routes of parenteral therapies
• Purposes, site equipment, procedure
• Special consideration in giving:
  • Intradermal
  • Subcutaneous
  • Intramuscular
  • Intravenous medications
• Advanced techniques:
• Epidural
• Intrathecal

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